彩民宝典

Entrepreneurs and startups are increasingly turning to digital platforms nowadays, whether it is about creating a new platform (think Snapchat or TikTok), or providing product offerings and soliciting ideas on an existing platform.

Entrepreneurs and startups are increasingly turning to digital platforms nowadays, whether it is about creating a new platform (think Snapchat or TikTok), or providing product offerings and soliciting ideas on an existing platform. Consider Kickstarter鈥檚 platform that features listings of thousands of entrepreneurial projects to connect with the millions of registered backers online, or Apple鈥檚 App Store hosting millions of mobile apps published by developers and billions of users of iOS devices. Indeed, digital platforms are now being seen as 鈥渟emi-regulated鈥� marketplaces that foster innovation and entrepreneurship under the coordination of the platform owner (Kickstarter, Apple). Yet, such coordination is surely easier said than done. Platform owners do not own these product offerings (entrepreneurial projects, apps) or have direct control over their business partners (entrepreneurs, app developers).

So what can a platform owner do to orchestrate the value creation activities of autonomous business partners (in thousands and millions) that are critical to the vibrancy and success of a platform?

This question was the focus of a research paper coauthored by Leeds School鈥檚 Strategy & Entrepreneurship professor Tony Tong, in collaboration with two PhD alumni, (currently assistant professor at Tulane University) and (currently assistant professor at the University of Virginia), recently published in the and previously presented at the . The researchers argue that platform owners can use what they call 鈥渁ccess control鈥� to shape business partners鈥� activities.

Specifically, they looked at how such access control in the form of 鈥渏ailbreaking鈥� shapes app developers鈥� activities. Apple鈥檚 iOS is well-known for adopting a strict gatekeeping policy that controls for what (apps) or who (app develops) have access to the platform. The jailbreak of the iOS is a hacking that exploits loopholes to remove Apple鈥檚 built-in restrictions, allowing users to install apps not officially approved by Apple鈥檚 App Store. After jailbreaking, many apps that were previously denied by Apple鈥檚 App Store can gain access to a sizable number of users of jailbroken iOS devices, exerting a competitive pressure to iOS developers who develop 鈥渓egit鈥� apps and profit from app sales.

The researchers leveraged the unexpected timing of the jailbreak of iOS 7 in December 2013 to conduct a 鈥渘atural experiment鈥�. They compared the knowledge sharing activity of iOS app developers (which they consider the treatment group) and the activity of otherwise comparable Android app developers unaffected by the jailbreak (the control group), on StackOverflow.com, an active online forum of software developers. They found that with the jailbreaking, the resulting deficiency in iOS鈥檚 gatekeeping鈥攖he weakened platform access control鈥攔educed the amount, as well as the quality, of the information shared by iOS app developers. The findings suggest that increased competitive threat鈥攄ue to the 鈥渦nauthorized鈥� entry of copycat products into the platform鈥攄ampens app developers鈥� incentives to share knowledge.

In other words, stronger access control, at least in the case of Apple鈥檚 iOS, appears beneficial to platform owners, because it facilitates vibrant knowledge sharing among app developers, which should enhance their innovation and product development.

On a broad level, this study highlights that opening platform access too widely to ecosystem partners offering substitutive products can significantly shift the dynamics among them toward a more competitive stance. Such dynamics ultimately shape the success of the platform, and thus are worth paying close attention to, for entrepreneurs and innovators aiming to create a new platform or release their product offerings on an existing platform.