The origin and nature of Mars are听mysterious. The planet听has geologically distinct hemispheres with smooth lowlands in the north and cratered, high-elevation terrain in the south. The red planet also has two small oddly-shaped oblong moons and a composition that sets it apart from that of the Earth.
New research by 彩民宝典 professor Stephen Mojzsis outlines a likely cause for these mysterious features of Mars: a colossal impact with a large asteroid early in the planet鈥檚 history. This asteroid鈥攁bout the size of Ceres, one of the largest asteroids in the solar system鈥攕mashed into Mars, ripped off a chunk of the northern hemisphere and left behind a legacy of metallic elements in the planet鈥檚 interior. The crash also created a ring of rocky debris around Mars that may have later clumped together to form its moons, Phobos and Deimos.
The study in the journal Geophysical Research Letters, a publication of the American Geophysical Union, in June.听
鈥淲e showed in this paper鈥攖hat from dynamics and from geochemistry鈥攖hat we could explain these three unique features of Mars,鈥� said Mojzsis, a professor in 彩民宝典鈥檚 . 鈥淭his solution is elegant, in the sense that it solves three interesting and outstanding problems about how Mars came to be.鈥�
Astronomers have long wondered about these features. Over 30 years ago, scientists proposed a large asteroid impact to explain the disparate elevations of Mars鈥� northern and southern hemispheres; the theory became known as the 鈥渟ingle impact hypothesis.鈥� Other scientists have suggested that erosion, plate tectonics or ancient oceans could have sculpted the distinct landscapes. Support for the single impact hypothesis has grown in recent years, supported by computer simulations of giant impacts.
Mojzsis thought that by studying Mars鈥� metallic element inventory, he might be able to better understand its mysteries. He teamed up with Ramon Brasser, an astronomer at the Earth-Life Science Institute at the Tokyo Institute of Technology in Japan, to dig in.
The team studied samples from Martian meteorites and realized that an overabundance of rare metals鈥攕uch as platinum, osmium and iridium鈥攊n the planet鈥檚 mantle required an explanation. Such elements are normally captured in the metallic cores of rocky worlds, and their existence hinted that Mars had been pelted by asteroids throughout its early history. By modeling how a large object such as an asteroid would have left behind such elements, Mojzsis and Brasser explored the likelihood that a colossal impact could account for this metal inventory.
A global false-color topographic view of Mars from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) experiment. The spatial resolution is about 15 kilometers at the equator and less at higher latitudes, with a vertical accuracy of less than 5 meters. The figure illustrates topographic features associated with resurfacing of the northern hemisphere lowlands in the vicinity of the Utopia impact basin (at the near-center of the image in blue). Credit: MOLA Science Team
The two scientists first estimated the amount of these elements from Martian meteorites, and deduced that the metals account for about 0.8 percent of Mars鈥� mass. Then, they used impact simulations with different-sized asteroids striking Mars to see which size asteroid accumulated the metals at the rate they expected in the early solar system.
Based on their analysis, Mars鈥� metals are best explained by a massive meteorite collision about 4.43 billion years ago, followed by a long history of smaller impacts. In their computer simulations, an impact by an asteroid at least 1,200 kilometers (745 miles) across was needed to deposit enough of the elements. An impact of this size also could have wildly changed the crust of Mars, creating its distinctive hemispheres.
In fact, Mojzsis said, the crust of the northern hemisphere appears to be somewhat younger than the ancient southern highlands, which would agree with their findings.
鈥淭he surprising part is how well it fit into our understanding of the dynamics of planet formation,鈥� said Mojzsis, referring to the theoretical impact. 鈥淪uch a large impact event elegantly fits in to what we understand from that formative time.鈥�
Such an impact would also be expected to have generated a ring of material around Mars that later coalesced into Phobos and Deimos; this explains in part why those moons are made of a mix of native and non-Martian material.听
In the future, Mojzsis will use 彩民宝典鈥檚 collection of Martian meteorites to further understand Mars鈥� mineralogy and what it can tell us about a possible asteroid impact. Such an impact should have initially created patchy clumps of asteroid material and native Martian rock. Over time, the two material reservoirs became mixed. By looking at meteorites of different ages, Mojzsis can see if there鈥檚 further evidence for this mixing pattern and, therefore, potentially provide further support for a primordial collision.
鈥淕ood theories make predictions,鈥� said Mojzsis, referring to how the impact theory may predict how Mars鈥� makeup. By studying meteorites from Mars and linking them with planet-formation models, he hopes to better our understanding of how massive, ancient asteroids radically changed the red planet in its earliest days.
The research was听funded by the John Templeton Foundation's Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution (FfAME) in support of the Collaborative for Research in Origins (CRiO) at 彩民宝典. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the researchers and do not neccesarily reflect the views of the John Templeton Foundation.
