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A photo of Brigham Young University Concert Choir in rehearsal. (Credit: Nathan Brough / Wikimedia Commons) 

Singing indoors, unmasked can swiftly spread COVID-19 via microscopic airborne particles known as aerosols, of a March choir rehearsal which became one of the nation’s first superspreading events.

“This study documents in great detail that the only plausible explanation for this superspreading event was transmission by aerosols. Shared air is important because you can be inhaling what someone else exhaled even if they are far away from you,” said Shelly Miller, lead author on the study and professor of mechanical engineering.

, one person with mild symptoms of COVID-19 attended a 2.5-hour choir practice indoors. In the weeks that followed, more than 50 other people from that rehearsal would contract the disease—almost everyone who attended—and two died. Because participants had taken precautions to sanitize and avoid touching each other, scientists suspected that aerosol transmission, not larger drops spit into the air or infected surfaces, were the culprit. 

The new paper, published this week confirms it.

Top: Shelly Miller, mechanical engineering professor. (Credit: Glenn Asakawa/���񱦵�) Bottom: Jose-Luis Jimenez, professor of chemistry and fellow at CIRES. (Credit: Matthew Jonas/Daily Camera) 

Members of the chorale were serious about their music and their health that day. They did not touch each other, touched few shared surfaces, propped doors open and used hand sanitizer. Few people shared the same restroom as the infected person, and many who did not use any restroom got sick. 

They did not, however, wear masks. 

By interviewing the chorale through a representative about what happened that day and calculating the rate of infection based on the details of the rehearsal and what is known about the SARS-CoV-2 virus, researchers conclude that there simply were not enough opportunities for droplets and infected surfaces, known as fomites, to transmit the virus to the number of people who fell ill afterwards. 

But poor ventilation in the indoor space led to a build-up of aerosols produced by the singers, and heat produced by the singers themselves mixed the air within the room. 

There were also many singers present and the rehearsal was long. 

“The inhalation of infectious respiratory aerosol from ‘shared air’ was the leading mode of transmission,” said Jose-Luis Jimenez, co-author of the study, professor of chemistry and fellow at the . 

The researchers found that shortening the rehearsal time in the Skagit Valley event from 2.5 hours to 30 minutes would have dropped the rate of infection from 87% to 12%. Wearing masks, improving ventilation, using portable air cleaners and rehearsing for half of the duration combined could have dropped the number of people infected down from 52 to only 5, in a subsequent analysis using a , Miller and colleagues based on the study.  

This superspreading event happened early on in the pandemic, when there were no known cases in Skagit County. Businesses were just starting to shut down in the U.S. and public health officials were just beginning to debate whether masks were necessary. , could not be responsible for COVID-19, said the World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Wash your hands and stand six feet apart, they said. 

But after hearing of the outbreak in Washington state, Miller wasn’t convinced. 

“Singing is known to release high amounts of aerosol,” Miller said. 

Since March, other choir superspreading events have also occurred in the Netherlands, Austria, Canada, Germany, England, South Korea, Spain and France. 

The new study offers new insight into how those outbreaks occurred and what can be done to make future choral rehearsals safer.

The authors recommend conducting choral practices outdoors whenever possible during the COVID-19 pandemic, and carefully managing any indoor singing events, as singing can generate large amounts of aerosolized virus if any of the singers is infected. , and air cleaning, that removes virus-containing aerosols from the air, can be helpful to reducing the spread of airborne infections in any indoor space, but singing with masks and at distances more than 6 feet apart are very important as well. 

Miller and her fellow researchers first submitted their results in June, but aerosols are still not being openly acknowledged by the WHO and CDC as an important route of transmission for SARS-COV-2. 

“The research adds to the overwhelming body of evidence that aerosol transmission is playing a major role in driving this pandemic and especially to superspreading events,” said Jimenez.

Coauthors on this study include William Nazaroff, University of California, Berkeley; Atze Boerstra, REHVA (Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Associations), BBA Binnenmilieu, The Netherlands; Giorgio Buonanno, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy; Stephanie J. Dancer, Edinburgh Napier University and NHS, Scotland; Jarek Kurnitski, REHVA Technology and Research Committee, Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia; Linsey C. Marr, Virginia Tech; Lidia Morawska, International Laboratory for Air Quality and Heath (ILAQH), WHO Collaborating Centre for Air Quality and Health, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Queensland University of Technology; Catherine Noakes, University of Leeds, United Kingdom. 

This study was made possible with the support of the Skagit Valley Chorale, spokesperson Carolynn Comstock, Skagit County Public Health Department and Los Angeles Times journalist Richard Read.